Sepsis is a fast-moving, potentially fatal condition that arises when the body overreacts to infection. The immune system’s response spirals out of control, damaging tissues and organs in the process. Yet despite its severity, early symptoms are often vague, leading many people to ignore or misread them until it's too late.
In this comprehensive guide, we'll answer the question: how do you know if you have sepsis? We’ll cover the biology of sepsis, who’s at risk, the red flags to watch for, and what to do when symptoms appear.
Understanding sepsis: when the body turns on itself
When bacteria, fungi, or viruses enter the body, the immune system usually responds appropriately. In sepsis, that response becomes harmful. Chemicals meant to fight infection trigger widespread inflammation, clotting, and decreased blood flow. Without urgent care, this cascade can lead to organ failure and death.
There are three escalating stages:
- sepsis: a dysregulated response to infection with systemic symptoms
- severe sepsis: sepsis with signs of organ dysfunction
- septic shock: a dangerous drop in blood pressure that can cause multiple organ failure
Who is most at risk?
Sepsis can strike anyone, but certain individuals face higher risks:
- older adults (65+)
- infants and young children
- people with chronic illnesses (diabetes, kidney disease, liver conditions)
- immunocompromised individuals (cancer patients, HIV-positive individuals, transplant recipients)
- people recovering from surgery or wounds
If you fall into one of these categories, any sign of infection should be taken seriously.
Symptoms: how do you know if you have sepsis?
The early signs can be subtle, but they tend to escalate quickly. Common symptoms include:
1. high or low body temperature
Fever over 38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature below 36°C (96.8°F) indicates that your body is struggling to maintain normal function.
2. chills and shivering
Uncontrollable shivering often accompanies a fever and indicates a strong immune response.
3. rapid breathing
Sepsis affects oxygen levels, often triggering shallow or fast breathing, even at rest.
4. rapid heart rate
A pulse over 90–100 bpm may reflect systemic stress.
5. confusion or dizziness
Reduced oxygen delivery to the brain can cause mental status changes, especially in older adults.
6. decreased urination
This could indicate kidney stress or failure, especially in combination with low blood pressure.
7. nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
Digestive issues often occur as blood flow is redirected away from the GI system.
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8. mottled or discolored skin
Skin may become pale, clammy, or display red spots as circulation deteriorates.
9. fatigue and body aches
Sepsis can feel like an extreme flu with muscle pain and exhaustion.
When to go to the hospital
Act fast. If you or someone you love has an infection and begins to exhibit several of the symptoms listed above, especially confusion, fever, and rapid breathing, call emergency services or go to the nearest hospital.
Sepsis worsens by the hour. Quick antibiotic treatment and IV fluids significantly improve survival rates.
Diagnosis and immediate treatment
At the hospital, doctors will:
- check your vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate)
- run blood tests to look for infection, organ function, and clotting issues
- order imaging scans to locate the source of infection (CT, X-ray, ultrasound)
Treatment usually starts within the first hour and includes:
- IV fluids
- broad-spectrum antibiotics
- oxygen or ventilation support
- medications to raise blood pressure if needed
Can sepsis be prevented?
While you can’t eliminate all risk, certain strategies can help:
- treat infections early and take all prescribed antibiotics
- get vaccinated against pneumonia, influenza, and COVID-19
- manage chronic conditions (especially diabetes and kidney disease)
- clean wounds properly and seek care for persistent infections
Surviving sepsis: recovery and complications
Even with treatment, survivors of sepsis may face lasting effects, known as post-sepsis syndrome. These can include:
- memory loss and cognitive decline
- anxiety or PTSD
- muscle weakness
- fatigue
Rehabilitation and follow-up care are crucial for long-term recovery.
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